Management of Hydatid Cysts in Pregnancy: A Report of Two Cases and a Review of Literature.

Human hydatidosis is a parasitic infection by the larval stages of the Echinococcus (E.) that rarely occurs in pregnancy (1/20, 000-30 000). Canines are the definitive host while humans are the accidental host. They most often affect the liver (60%) and lungs (30%). E. granulosus causes cystic echinococcosis and is the most frequent form. E. multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis and is becoming increasingly more common. E. infections often remain asymptomatic for years before the cysts grow large enough to cause symptoms. Hepatic and pulmonary signs and symptoms are the most common clinical manifestations. There is no consensus on their management in pregnancy. We report two pregnancies complicated by hydatid disease of the liver and lung, discuss their problematic management, and review the recent literature.

Feasibility of implementing cytology-based cervical cancer screening national program in Lebanon: A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To review our national cervical cancer screening program using existing Ministry of Public Health primary healthcare centers (PHCs) and report the impact of women's knowledge, attitude, behavior, and practices on screening uptake and outcome. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on cervical cancer screening offered to sexually active Lebanese women aged 21 years and above visiting PHCs. Exclusions were history of complete hysterectomy, gynecologic cancers, and current pregnancy. Data were collected through a questionnaire and conventional cervical smear performed by trained healthcare providers and sent to one centralized cytopathology laboratory. RESULTS: Of 12 273 eligible women, 1.7% had an abnormal cervical smear test including 161 atypical squamous cells (ASC) of undetermined significance, 6 atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance, 16 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), 17 ASC-cannot rule out high-grade SIL, 11 high-grade SIL, and one invasive carcinoma. Knowledge and attitudes significantly affected participation in screening; women lacking awareness had rarely undergone a cervical smear. CONCLUSION: In Lebanon, cytology-based cervical cancer screening is feasible within the PHCs. Positive screen incidence was low. Despite previous campaigns, a low level of knowledge persists, and affects women's com with the screening guidelines. Advocacy and awareness activities by key healthcare providers may help to improve participation.

Outcomes of Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination in a Private Women Health Clinic in Lebanon.

Objectives: The study aims to report on the feasibility and associated adverse events of HPV-Vaccination (HPVV) in a private clinic setting in Lebanon and, when available, the results of subsequent cervical cancer screening. Methods: Opportunistic HPV vaccination is offered at the Women's Health Center of the AUBMC. We retrospectively reviewed the patients' demographic data, the incidence of adverse events, and their cytological screening. Results: A cohort of healthy women (n = 1013) aged 26.2 years (12-54 years) were opportunistically vaccinated with one of two HPV vaccines; 845 (83.4%) received the quadrivalent vaccine (Q4V), and 151 (14.1%) received the bivalent vaccine (B2V). The majority (75.8%) received three doses while 16% received two doses. Out of these women, 26.3% (267) became sexually active postvaccination (NS2), whereas 17% (174) were sexually active prior to vaccination (SA) and the rest 57% (572) reported no sexual activity (NS1). Among the SA group, 26% (46/147) presented with abnormal cytology at time of vaccination. As for the NS2 women, 5% (14/267) had subsequently abnormal screening within 37 (12-103) months following vaccination. Conclusions: In this observational study, we report the successful introduction of HPVV with negligible adverse events. The incidence of abnormal cervical cytology was low among our patients.

Borderline ovarian tumors: a retrospective cohort study on single institution experience, practice patterns and outcomes.

Borderline ovarian tumours (BOTs) commonly affect young nulliparous women, thus making fertility-preserving approaches more desirable. Women who opt for conservative management should be counselled about disease recurrence. In this retrospective study, the medical records of 57 women with BOT treated at the American University of Beirut Medical Centre between January 1986 and May 2018 were reviewed. Clinical, pathologic, and demographic data were collected and analysed to identify variables associated with poor clinical outcomes including advanced disease and risk of recurrence. Younger and nulliparous women were more likely to undergo fertility-sparing surgery. The open approach was adopted for women with larger adnexal masses and was associated with more blood loss with a mean difference of 172 mL (95% CI [110-235], p-value < .001) but no significant difference in operative time and length of hospital stay compared to the laparoscopic approach. CA-125 correlated with an advanced International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage (p = .004). The recurrence rate was found to be 7% with a median recurrence time of 41.5 months.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? BOTs are common in young nulliparous women who often desire fertility-sparing procedures. Prognostic factors associated with disease severity and recurrence remain controversial.What do the results of this study add? This study presents an opportunity to understand the disease behaviour and compare local practices and outcomes to what was reported in the literature. CA-125 appears to be a useful marker in predicting the stage of BOT.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Future research should focus on exploring whether BOTs with micropapillary features represent an aggressive histologic subtype more prone to recurrence.

Genomics and Epigenomics of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Understanding the Molecular Pathways of the Disease Pathogenesis.

One of the most common complications during pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), hyperglycemia that occurs for the first time during pregnancy. The condition is multifactorial, caused by an interaction between genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for its pathogenesis remain elusive. Moreover, in contrast to several common metabolic disorders, molecular research in GDM is lagging. It is important to recognize that GDM is still commonly diagnosed during the second trimester of pregnancy using the oral glucose tolerance test (OGGT), at a time when both a fetal and maternal pathophysiology is already present, demonstrating the increased blood glucose levels associated with exacerbated insulin resistance. Therefore, early detection of metabolic changes and associated epigenetic and genetic factors that can lead to an improved prediction of adverse pregnancy outcomes and future cardio-metabolic pathologies in GDM women and their children is imperative. Several genomic and epigenetic approaches have been used to identify the genes, genetic variants, metabolic pathways, and epigenetic modifications involved in GDM to determine its etiology. In this article, we explore these factors as well as how their functional effects may contribute to immediate and future pathologies in women with GDM and their offspring from birth to adulthood. We also discuss how these approaches contribute to the changes in different molecular pathways that contribute to the GDM pathogenesis, with a special focus on the development of insulin resistance.

The accuracy and clinical impact of intraoperative frozen section in determining the extent of surgical intervention in patients with early stage endometrial cancer.

The aim of this study was to compare intraoperative frozen section (FS) with the final pathology (FP), and determine its clinical impact in clinically apparent early stage endometrial cancer (EC) at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC). Data for patients 18 years or older, with clinically apparent early stage, grade 1 or 2, endometrioid EC, who underwent hysterectomy ± lymph node dissection (LND) at AUBMC between January 1st 1996 and June 30th 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. 70 patients were included. The overall concordance between FS and FP was 92.3% for histological subtype, 77% for tumour grade, 82% for Myometrial invasion (MI) and 100% for tumour size. At a median follow up of 30 months, 8 recurrences (11.4%) were noted, with a 5-year PFS and OS of 76 and 84% respectively, with a trend towards lower recurrence and improved survival in patients who underwent FS or LND.Impact statementWhat is already known on this subject? Hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is the standard surgery for stage I endometrial cancer (EC). Intraoperative frozen section (FS) facilitates the decision on performing lymph node dissection (LND). However, its accuracy and clinical impact have been questioned.What do the results of this study add? Our objective is to compare FS with the final pathology (FP), and determine its clinical impact in clinically apparent early stage EC at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC). There is a lack of standardisation regarding FS use and reporting at AUBMC.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? The strong correlation between FS and FP can serve as a tool to guide decision to perform LND in patients with apparent early stage disease, where use of sentinel LN biopsy technique is not available.

Primary vulvar Ewing sarcoma/peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor with pelvic lymph nodes metastasis: A case report and review of literature.

Ewing sarcoma (ES) and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors (pPNET) are soft tissue tumors that generally affect the bones. Extraosseous ES/pPNET has been rarely reported. Our patient presented with a 6 × 4 cm right subcutaneous solid vulvar lesion causing pain and discomfort. Pathology and immunohistochemistry staining showed strong positivity for CD99 and vimentin, favoring the diagnosis of ES/pPNET. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 6-cm lesion in the right vulvar region with enlarged bilateral inguinal and right iliac lymph nodes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization test for translocation t(11;22)(q24;q12) was positive, confirming the diagnosis. The patient received three cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide alternating with ifosfamide and etoposide with complete response. The patient underwent vulvar radical local excision. Residual tumor measured 1.6 cm with free margins. She received four additional cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy and 30 sessions radiotherapy. She is currently disease free after 37 months. No ES/pPNET cases with pelvic lymph nodes metastasis were ever reported.

Treatment of cervical cancer metastatic to the abdominal wall with reconstruction using a composite myocutaneous flap: A case report.

A 43-year-old woman treated with radical hysterectomy 1 year ago for cervical cancer presented with a suprapubic abdominal mass. A 15 cm necrotic mass from the abdominal wall along with 2 small bowel loops and the dome of the bladder were resected. The peritoneal defect was reconstructed with a pedicled anterolateral thigh and Vastus Lateralis muscle composite flap. Pathology showed invasive non-keratinizing moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, consistent with metastatic cervical cancer, involving urinary bladder, bowel and soft tissue. With advancement in reconstructive surgery, extensive resection with defect closure in properly selected cases of metastatic cervical cancer to the abdominal wall may be considered in an attempt at improving quality of life and overall survival.

BRCA mutation screening and patterns among high-risk Lebanese subjects.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that the prevalence of BRCA1 and 2 mutations in the Lebanese population is low despite the observation that the median age of breast cancer diagnosis is significantly lower than European and North American populations. We aimed at reviewing the rates and patterns of BRCA1/2 mutations found in individuals referred to the medical genetics unit at the American University of Beirut. We also evaluated the performance of clinical prediction tools. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the cases of all individuals undergoing BRCA mutation testing from April 2011 to May 2016. To put our findings in to context, we conducted a literature review of the most recently published data from the region. RESULTS: Two-hundred eighty one individuals were referred for testing. The prevalence of mutated BRCA1 or 2 genes were 6 and 1.4% respectively. Three mutations accounted for 54% of the pathogenic mutations found. The BRCA1 c.131G > T mutation was found among 5/17 (29%) unrelated subjects with BRCA1 mutation and is unique to the Lebanese and Palestinian populations. For patients tested between 2014 and 2016, all patients positive for mutations fit the NCCN guidelines for BRCA mutation screening. The Manchester Score failed to predict pathogenic mutations. CONCLUSION: The BRCA1 c.131G > T mutation can be considered a founder mutation in the Lebanese population detected among 5/17 (29%) of individuals diagnosed with a mutation in BRCA1 and among 7/269 families in this cohort. On review of recently published data regarding the landscape of BRCA mutations in the Middle East and North Africa, each region appears to have a unique spectrum of mutations.

Contribution of Human papillomavirus in neuroendocrine tumors from a series of 10,575 invasive cervical cancer cases.

AIMS: Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of the cervix are rare tumors with a very aggressive course. The human papillomavirus (HPV) has been linked to its etiology. The objective of this study is to describe HPV prevalence and genotype distribution of NET. METHODS AND RESULTS: Forty-nine tumors with histological neuroendocrine features were identified among 10,575 invasive cervical cancer (ICC) cases from an international study. HPV DNA detection was done using SPF10/DEIA /LiPA25 system. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for neuroendocrine markers (chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD56) and for p16INK4a as a surrogate for HPV transforming infection was performed. In 13 samples with negative IHC for all 3 neuroendocrine markers studied, it was possible to conduct electron microscopy (EM). NET represented 0.5% of the total ICC series and HPV was detected in 42 out of 49 samples (85.7%, 95%CI:72.8%,94.1%). HPV16 was the predominant type (54.8%), followed by HPV18 (40.5%). p16INK4a overexpression was observed in 38/44 cases (86.4%). Neuroendocrine IHC markers could be demonstrated in 24/37 (64.9%) cases. EM identified neuroendocrine granules in 8 samples with negative IHC markers. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirms the association of cervical NET with HPV and p16INK4a overexpression. Specifically, HPV16 and 18 accounted together for over 95% of the HPV positive cases. Current HPV vaccines could largely prevent these aggressive tumors.

Effect of Hormonal Replacement Therapy on Voice.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of hormonal therapy (HRT) on voice in a group of menopausal women, taking into consideration body mass index (BMI) as a confounding factor and its potential role as a substitute for HRT. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 53 menopausal women, 34 not on HRT and 19 on HRT, were recruited. Demographic variables included age, gender, smoking, and BMI. All subjects were asked about the presence or absence of the following symptoms: hoarseness, deepening of the voice, pitch breaks, throat clearing, dryness in the throat, and vocal fatigue. Acoustic analysis was performed, and Voice Handicap Index-10 was also completed. RESULTS: The mean BMI was 25.90 ± 5.39 and 25.77 ± 4.26 in patients on HRT and not on HRT, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the Voice Handicap Index-10 score and the prevalence of any of the phonatory symptoms in menopausal women not on HRT compared with menopausal women on HRT. However, menopausal women not on HRT had significantly lower habitual pitch than those on HRT (P value of 0.022). On the other hand, the jitter was significantly higher in those on HRT (P value of 0.033). CONCLUSION: Hormonal therapy has an impact on the habitual pith in menopausal women with comparable BMI. Those on HRT have a higher habitual pitch than those not on HRT.

Vocal Symptoms and Acoustic Findings in Menopausal Women in Comparison to Pre-menopause Women with Body Mass Index as a Confounding Variable.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of phonatory symptoms in menopausal women compared to pre-menopause women with body mass index (BMI) as a confounding variable. METHODS: A total of 69 women, 34 menopausal and 35 pre-menopausal were invited to participate in this study. Demographic variables included age, smoking, and BMI. All subjects were asked about the presence hoarseness, loss of high or low frequencies, pitch breaks, throat clearing, dryness in the throat and vocal fatigue. Acoustic analysis was performed and the Voice Handicap Index (VHI)-10 was filled by all the subjects. RESULTS: There was a significantly higher prevalence of throat clearing and dryness in the menopausal group compared to the pre-menopause group with a P value of 0.035 and 0.032 respectively. When BMI was taken into account, there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of any of the phonatory symptoms in menopausal women with high BMI and pre-menopause. There was no statistically significant difference in the means of any of the acoustic parameters between the menopausal group and pre-menopausal group. There was no significant difference in the mean VHI-10 between the menopause group and the pre-menopause (P = 0.652). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this investigation substantiate the importance of fat as an alternative source of estrogen which can mask some of the phonatory symptoms.

Cost-effectiveness of increasing cervical cancer screening coverage in the Middle East: An example from Lebanon.

BACKGROUND: Most cervical cancer (CC) cases in Lebanon are detected at later stages and associated with high mortality. There is no national organized CC screening program so screening is opportunistic and limited to women who can pay out-of-pocket. Therefore, a small percentage of women receive repeated screenings while most are under-or never screened. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of increasing screening coverage and extending intervals. METHODS: We used an individual-based Monte Carlo model simulating HPV and CC natural history and screening. We calibrated the model to epidemiological data from Lebanon, including CC incidence and HPV type distribution. We evaluated cytology and HPV DNA screening for women aged 25-65years, varying coverage from 20 to 70% and frequency from 1 to 5years. RESULTS: At 20% coverage, annual cytologic screening reduced lifetime CC risk by 14% and had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of I$80,670/year of life saved (YLS), far exceeding Lebanon's gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (I$17,460), a commonly cited cost-effectiveness threshold. By comparison, increasing cytologic screening coverage to 50% and extending screening intervals to 3 and 5years provided greater CC reduction (26.1% and 21.4, respectively) at lower costs compared to 20% coverage with annual screening. Screening every 5years with HPV DNA testing at 50% coverage provided greater CC reductions than cytology at the same frequency (23.4%) and was cost-effective assuming a cost of I$18 per HPV test administered (I$12,210/YLS); HPV DNA testing every 4years at 50% coverage was also cost-effective at the same cost per test (I$16,340). Increasing coverage of annual cytology was not found to be cost-effective. CONCLUSION: Current practice of repeated cytology in a small percentage of women is inefficient. Increasing coverage to 50% with extended screening intervals provides greater health benefits at a reasonable cost and can more equitably distribute health gains. Novel HPV DNA strategies offer greater CC reductions and may be more cost-effective than cytology.

Impact of Preoperative Anaemia and Blood Transfusion on Postoperative Outcomes in Gynaecological Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of preoperative anaemia and blood transfusion on 30-day postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing gynecological surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Data were analyzed from 12,836 women undergoing operation in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Outcomes measured were; 30-day postoperative mortality, composite and specific morbidities (cardiac, respiratory, central nervous system, renal, wound, sepsis, venous thrombosis, or major bleeding). Multivariate logistic regression models were performed using adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) to assess the independent effects of preoperative anaemia (hematocrit <36.0%) on outcomes, effect estimates were performed before and after adjustment for perioperative transfusion requirement. RESULTS: The prevalence of preoperative anaemia was 23.9% (95%CI: 23.2-24.7). Adjusted for confounders by multivariate logistic regression; preoperative anaemia was independently and significantly associated with increased odds of 30-day mortality (OR: 2.40, 95%CI: 1.06-5.44) and composite morbidity (OR: 1.80, 95%CI: 1.45-2.24). This was reflected by significantly higher adjusted odds of almost all specific morbidities including; respiratory, central nervous system, renal, wound, sepsis, and venous thrombosis. Blood Transfusion increased the effect of preoperative anaemia on outcomes (61% of the effect on mortality and 16% of the composite morbidity). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative anaemia is associated with adverse post-operative outcomes in women undergoing gynecological surgery. This risk associated with preoperative anaemia did not appear to be corrected by use of perioperative transfusion.

BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in ethnic Lebanese Arab women with high hereditary risk breast cancer.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women in Lebanon and in Arab countries, with 50% of cases presenting before the age of 50 years. METHODS: Between 2009 and 2012, 250 Lebanese women with breast cancer who were considered to be at high risk of carrying BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations because of presentation at young age and/or positive family history (FH) of breast or ovarian cancer were recruited. Clinical data were analyzed statistically. Coding exons and intron-exon boundaries of BRCA1 and BRCA2 were sequenced from peripheral blood DNA. All patients were tested for BRCA1 rearrangements using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). BRCA2 MLPA was done in selected cases. RESULTS: Overall, 14 of 250 patients (5.6%) carried a deleterious BRCA mutation (7 BRCA1, 7 BRCA2) and 31 (12.4%) carried a variant of uncertain significance. Eight of 74 patients (10.8%) aged ≤40 years with positive FH and only 1 of 74 patients (1.4%) aged ≤40 years without FH had a mutated BRCA. Four of 75 patients (5.3%) aged 41-50 years with FH had a deleterious mutation. Only 1 of 27 patients aged >50 years at diagnosis had a BRCA mutation. All seven patients with BRCA1 mutations had grade 3 infiltrating ductal carcinoma and triple-negative breast cancer. Nine BRCA1 and 17 BRCA2 common haplotypes were observed. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of deleterious BRCA mutations is lower than expected and does not support the hypothesis that BRCA mutations alone cause the observed high percentage of breast cancer in young women of Lebanese and Arab descent. Studies to search for other genetic mutations are recommended.

Comprehensive genotype-phenotype correlations between NLRP7 mutations and the balance between embryonic tissue differentiation and trophoblastic proliferation.

BACKGROUND: Hydatidiform mole (HM) is a human pregnancy with excessive trophoblastic proliferation and abnormal embryonic development that may be sporadic or recurrent. In the sporadic form, the HM phenotype is driven by an abnormal ratio of paternal to maternal genomes, whereas in the recurrent form, the HM phenotype is caused by maternal-recessive mutations, mostly in NLRP7, despite the diploid biparental origin of the HM tissues. In this study, we characterised the expression of the imprinted, maternally expressed gene, CDKN1C (p57(KIP2)), the genotype, and the histopathology of 36 products of conception (POC) from patients with two defective alleles in NLRP7 and looked for potential correlations between the nature of the mutations in the patients and the various HM features. METHODS/RESULTS: We found that all the 36 POCs are diploid biparental and have the same parental contribution to their genomes. However, some of them expressed variable levels of p57(KIP2) and this expression was strongly associated with the presence of embryonic tissues of inner cell mass origin and mild trophoblastic proliferation, which are features of triploid partial HMs, and were associated with missense mutations. Negative p57(KIP2) expression was associated with the absence of embryonic tissues and excessive trophoblastic proliferation, which are features of androgenetic complete HMs and were associated with protein-truncating mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that NLRP7, depending on the severity of its mutations, regulates the imprinted expression of p57(KIP2) and consequently the balance between tissue differentiation and proliferation during early human development. This role is novel and could not have been revealed by any other approach on somatic cells.

ASPL-TFE3 translocation in vulvovaginal alveolar soft part sarcoma.

Alveolar soft part sarcoma of the vulvovaginal region is limited to only 8 reported vaginal cases and 1 vulvar case in the English literature. The histogenesis of the tumor remains intriguing with postulates favoring a myogenic versus nonmyogenic origin. A reciprocal translocation for ASPL-TFE3 gene fusion, frequently detected in ~90% of cases, combined with TFE3 protein immunoexpression are highly sensitive and specific methods for diagnostic confirmation. The current report describes a unique case of vulvovaginal alveolar soft part sarcoma showing the classic morphologic features with documentation of TFE3 protein expression and the ASPL-TFE3 gene rearrangement. Furthermore, a brief review of the literature of vulvar and vaginal alveolar soft part sarcoma cases with the various treatment modalities is outlined.